Radiation Therapy Explained: Process, Side Effects and Recovery

How Radiation Therapy Works

1. Targeting Cancer Cells

   Radiation damages the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from growing and dividing.
   Healthy cells may also be affected, but they typically recover better than cancer cells.
   

2. Types of Radiation Therapy

   There are different types of radiation therapy based on how the radiation is delivered:

   • External Beam Radiation: A machine directs radiation precisely to the tumor site.
     
   • Brachytherapy (Internal Radiation): Radioactive implants are placed inside or near the tumor.
     
   • Systemic Radiation: A radioactive substance is swallowed or injected to target cancer cells throughout the body.
     

3. Planning & Customization

   Before treatment, doctors conduct imaging tests (CT, MRI, PET scans) to determine the exact location and dose of radiation needed.
   

What to Expect During Radiation Therapy

1. Initial Consultation

   A radiation oncologist reviews medical history, explains the treatment plan, and discusses potential side effects.
   

2. Simulation & Treatment Mapping

   Patients undergo a simulation session where doctors mark the treatment area and create custom molds to ensure precision.
   

3. Treatment Sessions

   Each session lasts about 10–30 minutes.
   Patients lie still while a machine directs radiation at the tumor.
   

4. Frequency & Duration

   Radiation therapy typically occurs daily, five days a week, for several weeks, depending on the type and stage of cancer.
   

Side Effects of Radiation Therapy

1. Fatigue

   Many patients experience tiredness.
   Prioritizing rest and light physical activity can help manage fatigue.
   

2. Skin Irritation

   Skin in the treated area may become red, dry, or sensitive.
   Using mild soaps and moisturizers can help soothe irritation.
   

3. Nausea & Digestive Issues

   Patients receiving abdominal or pelvic radiation may experience nausea or diarrhea.
   A doctor may recommend dietary adjustments.
   

4. Hair Loss

   Radiation only affects hair in the treatment area, unlike chemotherapy, which can cause widespread hair loss.
   

5. Weakened Immune System

   Radiation can lower white blood cell counts, making patients more vulnerable to infections.
   

Recovery & Long-Term Care

1. Monitoring & Follow-Ups

   Doctors schedule regular check-ups and scans to track progress and detect any recurrence of cancer.
   

2. Healthy Lifestyle Adjustments

   A balanced diet, regular exercise, and stress management techniques can support long-term recovery.
   

3. Emotional & Psychological Support

   Counseling, support groups, and mental health services can help patients cope with the emotional aspects of cancer treatment.